Surgery Overview

Mastectomy is removal of the breast. Other nearby tissue may also be removed if it appears that cancer may have spread to these areas.

All mastectomies remove the whole breast. Because the size and location of tumours and where the cancer might have spread differ from one person to another, the amount of other tissue removed during surgery also varies.

Mastectomy procedures include:

Total or simple mastectomy.

This is the removal of the whole breast.

Modified radical mastectomy.

This is the removal of the whole breast and the lymph nodes under the arm (axillary lymph nodes).

Radical mastectomy.

This is the removal of the breast, chest muscles, and all of the lymph nodes under the arm (axillary lymph node dissection). This surgery is rarely used now.

Male breast cancer is usually treated with one of the mastectomy procedures.

Depending on the location of the tumour in the breast or other factors, you may be able to have a skin-sparing or nipple-sparing mastectomy.

• Skin-sparing mastectomy leaves most of the skin that was over the breast, except for the nipple and the areola.
  • Mastectomy with teardrop cut
  • Mastectomy with periareolar cut
• Nipple-sparing mastectomy saves the skin over the breast as well as the nipple and areola.
  • Mastectomy with periareolar cut
  • Mastectomy with lateral cut
  • Mastectomy with inframammary cut

If you'd like, you might choose to have breast reconstruction after a mastectomy. Reconstruction can be done during the same surgery as the mastectomy. Or it may be done later as a separate procedure.

What to expect

After your surgery, you will be taken to a recovery room. A nurse will be able to help with any nausea, pain, or anxiety you might have.

When you wake up from surgery, you will have a bandage over the surgery site. You will also have one or two drainage tubes to collect fluid and keep it from building up around the surgery area. If these tubes are still in place when you go home, your nurse will teach you how to take care of them.

Your doctor or nurse will give you instructions on pain control and caring for your incision. In most cases, you can remove the bandage and take a shower on the day after the surgery.

Most people go home within 24 hours after a mastectomy. If you have breast reconstruction during the same surgery, you may be in the hospital longer.

A physiotherapist may show you exercises while you are still in the hospital. These should help keep your shoulder from getting stiff. You will need to avoid strenuous activity for several weeks. Your doctor will let you know how soon you can increase your activity level.

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Why It Is Done

Mastectomy is done to remove as much cancer as possible and give the greatest chance of staying cancer-free.

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How Well It Works

For early-stage breast cancer, having a lump or part of the breast removed (breast-conserving surgery) along with radiation therapy has the same survival rate as mastectomy. But many women still have a mastectomy, even though it is a more extensive surgery. They may be unwilling or unable to have the radiation therapy that usually follows breast-conserving surgery. Or they may feel that by having a mastectomy, they are taking every possible action they can to prevent the return of cancer.

Women who have metastatic breast cancer don't always have surgery. Survival may not be increased by having surgery.

Risks

Like any surgery, both mastectomy and breast-conserving surgery have risks. Possible problems from breast surgery include:

• Breast pain or pulling, pinching, tingling, or numbness.
• Buildup of blood or clear fluid in the wound.
• General surgery risks. These include infection, bleeding, poor wound healing, and a reaction to the anesthesia used in surgery.

If lymph nodes under the arm were removed, possible problems include:

• Swelling of the arm (lymphedema).
• Numbness in the area where lymph nodes were removed.

Tell your doctor or nurse right away if you have any of these problems.